摘要:用水结构的分析和预测是水资源管理和规划的前提和基础。以北京市为例,分析了1988-2016年北京市用水结构的演变特征,揭示了导致用水结构变化的驱动因素,讨论了未来北京市用水结构可能出现的变化及其对水资源供给的影响。结果表明,近30年来北京市总用水量先升后降,而后缓慢增加,农业用水和工业用水持续减少,而生活用水和环境用水则持续增加。农作物播种面积的减少和工业节水分别是导致农业用水和工业用水减少的主要原因,生活用水的增加主要是由于人口的增长和人们用水方式的变化,而环境用水的增加和园林绿化面积的增长关系密切。预计未来北京的农业用水仍将持续减少,而工业用水的变化取决于产业结构调整的力度。生活用水仍将缓慢增长,这将是未来北京市水资源安全供给面临的最大压力。
关键词:北京市;水资源;供水;用水结构;归因分析
中图分类号:TV213文献标志码:A文章编号:
16721683(2018)04000106
Evolution law and attribution analysis of water utilization structure in Beijing
BAI Peng,LIU Changming
(
Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Process,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)
Abstract:
Analyzing and forecasting the water utilization structure is essential to water resources planning and management.Taking Beijing as a case study,this study analyzed the change of water utilization structure in Beijing from 1988 to 2016,revealed the main driving factors that caused the change in water utilization structure,and discussed the possible changes in future water utilization structure in Beijing and theirs influence on water supply.Results showed that the total water use in Beijing first rose and then declined,then slowly rose again during 19882016.Agricultural and industrial water use continued to decrease,while domestic water use and environmental water use increased continuously.The reduction in agricultural and industrial water use was primarily attributed to the reduction in crop acreage and the practice of water conservation.The increase in domestic water use was mainly caused by the increase in population and the change of waterrelated lifestyle.The increase in environmental water use can be explained by the increase of garden and green area in Beijing.It is expected that the agricultural water use in Beijing will continue to decrease in the near future,whereas the change in industrial water use will depend on the degree of industrial structure adjustment.In the near future,the biggest challenge to water resource security in Beijing comes from the increase in domestic water use.
Key words:
Beijing;water resources;water supply;water utilization structure;attribution analysis
北京市地處水资源匮乏的海河流域,多年平均降雨量567 mm,年人均水资源量161 m3,约为全国平均值的1/12。同时,北京也是我国的政治、文化、国际交往和科技创新中心,是我国经济发展水平最高、人口密度最大的地区之一。水资源短缺一直是制约北京市社会经济发展的重要因素[1]。解决北京市水资源供需矛盾的手段包括水资源的供给管理和需求管理。水资源供给管理是指通过各种工程措施扩大水资源的供给量,从而满足用户对水资源的需求。这是北京市一直以来偏重的水资源管理方式。水资源需求管理是指通过法律、行政、经济和科技等手段,控制用水总量,优化用水结构,提供水资源利用效率,抑制水资源需求,最终实现水资源供需平衡[25]。目前,北京的各种调水、供水工程已相对完善,水资源的开发利用率已经超过100%[67],很难再通过供给管理来扩大供水量,必须转向水资源需求管理来减少水资源的需求。用水结构的准确分析和预测是制定水资源需求管理措施的基本前提和基础[910]。用水结构与产业结构的变化息息相关[1113]。产业结构的变化势必会引起用水结构的改变,而用水结构的优化也会促进产业结构的调整[1417]。自改革开放以来,北京市的产业结构经历了由第二产业主导向第三产业主导的过渡,同时,第一产业占GDP总量的比例持续降低。产业结构的改变对北京市的用水结构产生了深远的影响。本文将分析北京市1988-2016年用水结构的演变特征及其与产业结构变化的关系,试图揭示引起用水结构变化的驱动机理,并探讨未来用水结构的发展趋势及其对未来水资源供需形势的影响,旨在为协调水资源与社会经济发展的关系、制定合理的水资源需求管理措施提供依据。
相关热词搜索: 归因 北京市 用水 演变 结构